Free Factors and conjugacy¶
To test for conjugacy
we need to extract periodic and infinite components of an automorphism and test those components for conjugacy. These next few classes keep track of
- how the components embed into the original automorphism, and
- any extra information that we need to test the components for conjugacy.
Periodic Factors¶
-
class
thompson.periodic.
PeriodicAut
(domain, range, reduce=True)[source]¶ A purely periodic automorphism, which may have been extracted from a mixed automorphism.
>>> example_5_9 = load_example('example_5_9') >>> print(example_5_9) PeriodicAut: V(2, 1) -> V(2, 1) specified by 7 generators (after expansion and reduction). x1 a1 a1 a1 -> x1 a1 a1 a2 x1 a1 a1 a2 -> x1 a1 a2 x1 a1 a2 -> x1 a1 a1 a1 x1 a2 a1 a1 -> x1 a2 a1 a2 x1 a2 a1 a2 -> x1 a2 a1 a1 x1 a2 a2 a1 -> x1 a2 a2 a2 x1 a2 a2 a2 -> x1 a2 a2 a1 >>> sorted(example_5_9.cycle_type) [2, 3] >>> #Two orbits of size 2, one orbit of size 3 >>> from pprint import pprint >>> pprint(example_5_9.multiplicity) {2: 2, 3: 1} >>> example_5_9.order 6
>>> load_example('cyclic_order_six').order 6 >>> phi = random_periodic_automorphism() >>> 1 <= phi.order < float('inf') True >>> len(phi.cycle_type) != 0 True >>> len(phi.characteristics) 0
-
test_conjugate_to
(other)[source]¶ We can determine if two purely periodic automorphisms are conjugate by examining their orbits.
>>> psi_p, phi_p = load_example('example_5_12_psi'), load_example('example_5_12_phi') >>> rho_p = psi_p.test_conjugate_to(phi_p) >>> print(rho_p) PeriodicAut: V(2, 1) -> V(2, 1) specified by 6 generators (after expansion and reduction). x1 a1 a1 a1 a1 -> x1 a1 a2 x1 a1 a1 a1 a2 -> x1 a2 a2 x1 a1 a1 a2 -> x1 a1 a1 a1 x1 a1 a2 -> x1 a2 a1 a1 x1 a2 a1 -> x1 a1 a1 a2 x1 a2 a2 -> x1 a2 a1 a2 >>> rho_p * phi_p == psi_p * rho_p True >>> psi_p, phi_p = random_conjugate_periodic_pair() >>> rho_p = psi_p.test_conjugate_to(phi_p) >>> rho_p * phi_p == psi_p * rho_p True
See also
This implements algorithm 5.13 of the paper—see section 5.3.
-
test_power_conjugate_to
(other, cheat=False)[source]¶ Tests two periodic factors to see if they are power conjugate. Yields minimal solutions \((a, b, \rho)\). such that \(\rho^{-1}\psi^a\rho = \phi^b\).
See also
Section 6.1 of the paper.
-
power_conjugacy_bounds
(other, identity_permitted)[source]¶ We simply try all powers of both automorphisms. There are only finitely many, because everything is periodic.
Returns: self.power, other.power
if the identity is permitted as a solution; otherwiseself.power - 1, other.power - 1
.Todo
Maybe this should be 0 to order if the identity is permitted and 1 to order otherwise?
See also
Section 6.1 of the paper.
-
Infinite Factors¶
-
class
thompson.infinite.
InfiniteAut
(domain, range, reduce=True)[source]¶ A purely infinite automorphism which may have been extracted from a mixed automorphism.
>>> print(load_example('example_5_3').free_factors()[1]) InfiniteAut: V(2, 1) -> V(2, 1) specified by 6 generators (after expansion and reduction). This automorphism was derived from a parent automorphism. 'x' and 'y' represent root words of the parent and current derived algebra, respectively. x1 a1 a1 a1 a1 ~> y1 a1 a1 a1 => y1 a1 a1 ~> x1 a1 a1 a1 x1 a1 a1 a1 a2 ~> y1 a1 a1 a2 => y1 a1 a2 a1 ~> x1 a1 a1 a2 a1 x1 a1 a1 a2 ~> y1 a1 a2 => y1 a1 a2 a2 ~> x1 a1 a1 a2 a2 x1 a2 a1 ~> y1 a2 a1 => y1 a2 a1 a1 ~> x1 a2 a1 a1 x1 a2 a2 a1 ~> y1 a2 a2 a1 => y1 a2 a1 a2 ~> x1 a2 a1 a2 x1 a2 a2 a2 ~> y1 a2 a2 a2 => y1 a2 a2 ~> x1 a2 a2 >>> phi = random_infinite_automorphism() >>> phi.order inf >>> len(phi.cycle_type) 0 >>> len(phi.characteristics) != 0 True
-
test_conjugate_to
(other)[source]¶ We can determine if two purely infinite automorphisms are conjugate by breaking down the quasi-normal basis into
equivalence classes
.>>> for psi_i, phi_i in ( ... load_example_pair('example_5_26'), ... load_example_pair('inf_conj'), ... random_conjugate_infinite_pair()): ... rho_i = psi_i.test_conjugate_to(phi_i) ... print('Conjugate:', rho_i is not None, ' Conjugator works:', rho_i * phi_i == psi_i * rho_i) Conjugate: True Conjugator works: True Conjugate: True Conjugator works: True Conjugate: True Conjugator works: True
>>> f, g = (load_example('not_conjugate_' + c) for c in 'fg') >>> f.is_conjugate_to(g) False
See also
This implements Algorithm 5.27 of the paper—see Section 5.4.
-
equivalence_data
(type_b, type_c)[source]¶ Let \(X\) be the quasi-normal basis for the current automorphism \(\psi\). We can define an equivalence relation \(\equiv\) on \(X\) by taking the non-transitive relation
\[x \equiv y \iff \exists k, \Gamma, \Delta : x\Gamma\psi^k = y\Delta\]and allowing it to generate an equivalence relation. This method returns a pair (roots, graph) where
graph is a
DiGraph()
- vertices are type B words in \(X\)
- directed edges \(x \to y\) correspond to the direct relation \(x \equiv y\)
- the graph is a directed forest
roots is a list of type B words in \(X\)
- Each root is the root of a different tree in the forest graph.
This information allows us to (attempt to) compute the images of \(X\) under a conjugator given only the images of roots.
See also
Definition 5.17 through to Lemma 5.20.
-
potential_image_endpoints
(self_type_b)[source]¶ Let
x
be a type B word with respect to the current automorphism. This returns a mapping which takesx
and produces the set of wordsw
which are endpoints of other-orbits which have the same characteristic asx
.See also
The sets \(\mathcal R_i\) of defintion 5.23.
-
find_power_conjugators
(other, cheat=False)[source]¶ Tests two infinite factors to see if they are power conjugate. Yields minimal solutions \((a, b, ho)\).
>>> example_6_8_psi, example_6_8_phi = load_example_pair('example_6_8') >>> solns = example_6_8_psi.find_power_conjugators(example_6_8_phi) >>> for a, b, rho in solns: ... print(a, b) ... assert example_6_8_psi ** a * rho == rho * example_6_8_phi ** b 3 1 -3 -1
Warning
If the
power_conjugacy_bounds()
are reasonable large (say > 30), this method could potentially take a long time!See also
Algorithm 6.11 of the paper.
-
test_power_conjugate_to
(other, cheat=False)[source]¶ Tests two infinite factors to see if they are power conjugate. If a solution exists, returns \((a, b, \rho)\) such that \(\rho^{-1}\psi^a\rho = \phi^b\). Otherwise returns None.
>>> result = example_6_8_psi.test_power_conjugate_to(example_6_8_phi) >>> result is not None True >>> a, b, rho = result >>> (example_6_8_psi ** a) * rho == rho * (example_6_8_phi ** b) True
Warning
If the
power_conjugacy_bounds()
are reasonable large (say > 30), this method could potentially take a long time!See also
Algorithm 6.11 of the paper.
-
power_conjugacy_bounds
(other)[source]¶ Compute the bounds \(\hat a, \hat b\) on powers which could solve the power conjugacy problem.
>>> example_6_8_psi.power_conjugacy_bounds(example_6_8_phi) (9, 1)
See also
Proposition 6.6 and Corollary 6.7.
-
minimal_partition
()[source]¶ Let \(\psi\) be the current automorphism. This method partitions the characteristics \(M_\psi\) into cells \(P_1 \sqcup \dots \sqcup P_L\), where - The multipliers \(\Gamma\) all have the same
root()
, for all \((m, \Gamma)\) in each \(P_i\). - \(L\) is minimal with this property.>>> def print_partition(p): ... for root in sorted(p.keys(), reverse=True): ... print(format(root), end = ':') ... for power, mult, _ in p[root]: ... print(' ({}, {})'.format(power, format(mult)), end='') ... print() >>> print_partition(example_6_8_psi.minimal_partition()) a1: (-1, a1) a2: (1, a2) >>> print_partition(example_6_8_phi.minimal_partition()) a1: (-1, a1 a1 a1) a2: (1, a2 a2 a2) >>> example_6_9_psi, example_6_9_phi = load_example_pair('example_6_9') >>> print_partition(example_6_9_phi.minimal_partition()) a1: (-2, a1) a2: (1, a2)
Returns: a dictionary of sets. The keys of this dictionary are the roots \(\sqrt\Gamma\); the values are the cells \(P_i\). An element of a cell looks like \(m, \Gamma, r\) where \(m, \Gamma\) is a characteristic and \(r\) is the root power corresponding to \(\sqrt\Gamma\). See also
the discussion following Corollary 6.7.
-
static
compute_bounds
(s_parts, o_parts)[source]¶ Computes the bounds \(\hat a, \hat b\) (in terms of the partitions \(P, Q\) given by s_parts and o_parts) as in eqns (14) and (15) of the paper.
>>> def bounds(s, o): ... P = s.minimal_partition() ... Q = o.minimal_partition() ... a_hat = InfiniteAut.compute_bounds(P, Q) ... b_hat = InfiniteAut.compute_bounds(Q, P) ... return a_hat, b_hat >>> bounds(example_6_8_psi, example_6_8_phi) (9, 1) >>> bounds(example_6_9_psi, example_6_9_phi) (1, 2)
-